Uyu mwaka ni uw’amatora y’umukuru w’igihugu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika. Abakandida bazwi cyane bahagarariye amashyaka abiri, iry’Abarepubulikani n’iry’Abademokarate. Kubera iki ari yo yiharira uruhando rwa politiki? Ni byo turebera hamwe muri make. Ikaze mu kiganiro Americana.
Politiki ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika igendera ku mashyaka menshi. Usibye abiri y’ibigugu, andi mato mato, bakunze kwita “amashyaka ya gatatu,” nta na rimwe rirabasha gutoresha umuyoboke waryo ku mwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu cyangwa ku ntebe n’imwe mu nteko ishinga amategeko yo ku rwego rw’igihugu, Congress. Mu yandi mashyaka menshi cyane ariho muri iki gihe, twavuga amwe n’amwe, nk’ayitwa the Reform Party, Libertarian Party, Socialist Party, Natural Law Party, Constitution Party, na Green Party.
Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ikivuka mu 1776, nta mashyaka ya politiki yari ifite. David Eisenbach ni mwalimu mu by’amateka na politiki muri Columbia
University, imwe muri kaminuza zikomeye zigenga zo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, iri mu mujyi wa New York, mu burasirazuba bw’igihugu.
“George Washington yabaye perezida nta mashyaka ariho. Nta na rimwe. Ntiyari anashyigikiye na gato ko habaho amashyaka. Yangaga icyo gitekerezo cyane bikomeye ku buryo mu ijambo rye ryo gusezera ku butegetsi yacyamaganye, aravuga, ati: “Amashyaka nta kindi amaze uretse kurangaza rubanda gusa no guca intege ubutegetsi bw’igihugu.”
Si we wenyine watekerezaga ko amashyaka ashobora gutera amacakubiri mu gihugu. N’abandi batandukanye mu bashinze Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, bita “Founding Fathers” cyangwa se “Ababyeyi b’Igihugu” bari basangiye nawe uko kutemera amashyaka. Barimo Alexander Hamilton, wabaye minisitiri w’imali wa mbere na mbere wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, kuva mu 1789 kugera mu 1795. Yavugaga ko amashyaka ari yo “ndwara mbi cyane irimbura abantu.”
Itegeko nshinga rya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika naryo ubwaryo ntiryigeze riteganya amashyaka. Amashyaka yavutse nyuma kubera ibitekerezo binyuranye ku cyerekezo abanyapolitiki bashakaga guha igihugu. Byatangiye mu gihe ryandikwaga mu 1787. Bamwe, bitwaga Federalists, baharaniraga guverinoma nshya yo ku rwego rw’igihugu ifite ingufu nyinshi. Abandi, bitwaga Anti-Federalists, bo bashakaga ko leta zigize igihugu zigumana ubwigenge bwazo, zikaba ari nazo zigira ubutegetsi bufite ingufu. Ntibashakaga guverinoma y’igihugu cyose yazigenga.
Ariko izo muvoma ebyiri zari zitaritwa amashyaka mu by’ukuri. Gusa ibitekerezo byarakomeje, biza kuvamo izindi muvoma nka Democratic-Republicans, National Republican, n’indi yitwaga Whig. Ishyaka nyakuri ry’Abademokarate ryavutse neza neza mu 1828, naho iry’Abarepubulikani ribona izuba ku mugaragaro mu 1854.
Ijwi ry’Amerika. Abademokarate n’Abarepubulikani baje kwiharira gute rero urubuga rwa politiki muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika? Bituruka kw’itegeko nshinga no mu mategeko agenga amatora ya perezida wa Repubulika. Avuga ko uje imbere mu majwi ya rubanda mu ifasi y’itora runaka atwara amajwi yose y’abagize Koleji y’Abatora.
Mu matora y’umukuru w’igihugu, abaturage si we baha ijwi ryabo ahubwo baba bamutoreye abagize Koleji y’Abatora bazamuhitamo. Ku rwego rw’igihugu cyose hatorwa Koleji y’Abatora 538. Kandida ubonye amajwi 270 ya Koleji y’Abatora ni we wegukana intsinzi ya perezida wa Repubulika.
Nk’uko abahanga mu bya politiki babisobanura, ubu buryo buha amahirwe menshi politiki y’amashyaka abiri gusa, kuko “abaturage batinya gutora umuntu babona udafite amahirwe yo gutsinda.”
Ikindi, muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, kwiyamamaza bisaba birahenda cyane. Bivuze ko umuntu washaka kwiyamamaza ku giti cye agomba kuba yizeye umutungo utubutse. Bitabaye ibyo, agomba kugira inyuma ye ishyirahamwe riremereye nk’ishyaka rya politiki rikomeye kandi rifite amikora menshi.
Hejuru y’ibyo byose hiyongeraho ko amashyaka y’ibigugu ahora akora uko ashoboye ko se kugirango hatagira irindi rigira ingufu nyinshi “zayatobera.” Ni yo mpamvu perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ahora ava mu ishyaka ry’Abarepubulikani cyangwa iry’Abademokara yonyine gusa.
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