Kw’itariki ya 3 y’ukwa kane 1948, Perezida wa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, Harry Truman, yasinye itegeko ryitwa “Economic Assistance Act” ryashyizeho ikigega cyamenyekanye nka “Plan Marshall” cyo gufasha ibihugu by’Ubulayi kwisana no kwiyubaka nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose.
Intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose, yabaye kuva mu 1939 kugera mu 1945, yasize Uburayi bwarasenyutse bikomeye. Imijyi myinshi, cyane cyane ikomeye, yari yarabaye ibishingwe. Abantu amamiliyoni bari barapfuye, abandi ari inkomere, abandi bari mu nkambi z’abavuye mu byabo, batunzwe n’imfashanyo za Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika. Urugero: mu mwaka umwe, kuva mu kwezi kwa karindwi 1945 kugera mu kwa gatandatu 1946, Amerika yoherereje abantu miliyoni 300 mu Burayi n’Ubuyapani toni miliyoni 16.5 z’ibiribwa.
Muri icyo gihe, nabwo Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ni yo yari igihangange kw’isi. Intambara ntiyigeze ibera ku butaka bwayo. Yari ifite impungenge ko ubukene bushobora korohereza amatwara ya gikomunisiti gukwirakwira mu Bulayi no kugarura ubutegetsi bw’igitugu gikabije, bushyira imbere urwango no kwironda, nk’ubw’Abanazi bwitwa “fascisme.” Aho gukomeza rero gutanga imfashanyo za ndamuke, yafashe umwanzuro wo gufasha Uburayi kongera kwiyubaka mu nzego zose z’ubuzima ku buryo burambye, kandi bukumira akajagali ka politiki, na gikomunisiti.
Kw’itariki ya mbere y’ukwa karindwi 1947, Perezida Harry Truman yagize George Marshall minisitiri w’ububanyi n’amahanga. Marshall, wari Jenerali wari waravuye ku rugerero, yari ahangayishijwe cyane by’umwihariko n’imibereho y’Ubulayi. Yahise rero ashinga itsinda ry’abahanga byibura 12 baturuka mu ngeli zitandukanye. Yabahaye ibyumweru bibiri kugirango babe bamugejejeho ibitekerezo bifatika ku buryo Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ikwiye gufasha Ubulayi kongera kwiyubaka.
Barabikoze, noneho kw’itariki ya 5 y’ukwa gatandatu 1947, asobanura bimwe muri byo bwa mbere ku mugaragaro mu ijambo yavugiye imbere y’imbaga y’abantu 15.000 muri kaminuza ya Harvard, iri mu burasirazuba bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika. Yashimangiye ko Abanyabulayi ari bo bagombaga kubanza kumva ko umushinga ari uwabo bwite.
“Ntibyaba bikwiye kandi nta kamaro byagira ko guverinoma yacu ari yo ikora umushinga ugenewe kuzahura Ubulayi. Ni uruhare rwabo. Ni bo bagomba gufata iya mbere. Icyo igihugu cyacu gishobora gukora ni ukubafasha, bya gicuti, kwandika umushinga no kuwutera inkunga mu buryo bwose dushoboye. Umugambi ugomba kuba uhuriweho, wemewe, n’ibihugu bimwe na bimwe by’Ubulayi, cyangwa se byose.”
Koko rero, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika n’ibihugu by’Uburayi barafatanyije bategura umushinga. Kw’itariki ya 2 y’ukwa kane1948, inteko ishinga amategeko ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, Congress, yemeje burundu, n’amajwi menshi cyane, itegeko riwuha ikigega cy’imari. Ku munsi wakurikiyeho, Perezida Truman yarishyizeho umukono kugirango ritangire gushyirwa mu bikorwa. Bashatse kurimwitirira mu izina rya “Truman Plan” ariko we abagira inama, kandi barayikuriza, yo kuryita “Marshall Plan.” Ni ryo zina umugambi wo kubaka Uburayi wamamayeho.
Ijwi ry’Amerika. Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika yasabye icyari Repubulika zunze ubumwe z’Abasoviyete n’inshuti zazo kwinjira muri “Marshall Plan” ariko bo barabyanze. Mu gihe cy’imyaka ine yamaze, kuva mu 1948 kugera 1951 urangira, yatanze inkunga y’amadolari miliyari 13.3 (angana na miliyari 173 zo mu 2023).
Ibihugu 17 byo mu Bulayi bw’uburengerazuba, byiyemeje kugendera ku matwara ya gikapitalisite, ni byo byayemeye: Otirishiya, Ububiligi, Repubulika y’Ubudage bw’Uburengerazuba (RFA), Danemariki, Ubufaransa, Ubugereki, Isilande, Irilande, Ubutaliyani (n’ubwo bwari bwarafatanyije n’Abanazi mu ntambara n’irimbura ry’Abayahudi), Luxembourg, Ubuholandi, Noruvege, Portugal, Suwede, Ubusuwisi, Turukiya, n’Ubwongereza. Ubwongereza ni bwo bwafashe menshi (agera kuri 26% by’inkunga yose). Hakurikiraho Ubufaransa (18%), na RFA (11%).
Igice kinini cyane, amadolari miliyari 12.1, cyari impano zitishyurwa. Ikindi gice, kingana n’amadolari miliyari 1.2, cyari inguzanyo zishyurwa. Muri rusange, Plan Marshall yagize uruhare runini mu bukungu bw’Uburayi. Kuva mu 1948 kugera mu 1952, bwariyongereye ku buryo bwari butarabaho mu mateka y’Uburayi kandi gusumba kure uko bwanganaga mbere y’intambara. Urugero: umusaruro w’inganda wazamutse ku rugero rwa 35%.
Inkunga yari igenewe ahanini kugura ibintu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, cyane ibiribwa, imbuto zo guhinga n’amafumbire, imashini n’ibikoresho by’inganda, imodoka n’amakamyo, n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Bityo, Plan Marshall yahaye isoko rinini ibicuruzwa by’Abanyamerika. Yabaye kandi intangiriro ya politiki yo gufasha amahanga muri rusange, imwe mu nkingi za politiki y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika muri iki gihe. Naho George Marshall yayiherewe igihembo cy’amahoro cyitiriwe Nobel mu 1953.
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